National Idea Research Articles

Representation of Andean Communities: Indigenous Cultures and Languages in Peruvian Cinema

ABSTRACT Peru is a country that has a world-renowned cultural heritage. However, there is a set of historical discrimination in different instances of society against the indigenous population, their cultural identity, social recognition, and even legal protection. Due to this situation, there have been recent manifestations in the cinema, television and education products with the purpose of recognizing, integrating and valuing all people and their cultures. This differs significantly from almost all of republican history, characterized by the unilateral representation of the privileged classes of the Peruvian cities. For that reason, this article analyzes three independent films dedicated to representation of Andean characters: Wiñaypacha (‘Eternity’) (2017), Retablo (‘Altarpiece’) (2017), and Willaq Pirqa, el cine de mi pueblo (‘Speaking Wall, the cinema of my town’) (2022), which have achieved a high degree of acceptance by the public and specialized critics. The proposal analyzes the recognition and revaluation of the Andean characters in these films, based on the linguistic, cultural and social dimensions, and the ideas of nationhood that are developed discursively and symbolically.

Peculiarities of the development of Ukrainian political and legal thought of the nationalist direction in Galicia in the interwar period (1919-1939) of the 20th century

The article examines the peculiarities of the development of Ukrainian political and legal thought of the nationalist direction in Galicia during the interwar period. The ideas and specifics of the views of Ukrainian thinkers who formed and developed Ukrainian nationalist thought are considered. It is shown that the struggle of Ukrainian nationalists was aimed at realizing the natural right of the Ukrainian people to self-determination. It is emphasized that it was extremely difficult for Ukrainians to achieve this in practice, because the process of annexation of Western Ukrainian lands was accompanied by a violation of fundamental international obligations of Poland and its current legislation, which were a prerequisite for the consent of the victorious states to temporary (1919) and permanent, with the rights of autonomy (1923) inclusion of Western Ukrainian lands into the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It is emphasized that in the 20s, the occupation government began mass polonization in Galicia, which consisted in the artificial colonization of Ukrainian ethnic lands by the Polish population, significant restrictions on Ukrainians in obtaining school education in their native language, persecution of organized public life, etc. The apogee was the so-called pacification, a punitive action to "pacify” Ukrainians, which was carried out from September 16 to November 30, 1930. It was established that repression and mass terror caused acute forms of confrontation in society, which should be considered as an adequate response of Ukrainian nationalists to the efforts of the authorities to oppress the Ukrainian population with violent methods. It is argued that a new stage in the development of Ukrainian political and legal thought of a nationalist direction is largely connected with the figure of Dmytro Dontsov, who formed the basic principles of education of the national elite, defense of national interests and development of national ideology. It has been proven that in the interwar period, nationalist ideas in Galicia penetrated into the popular masses, mastered them and thus significantly changed the character of the Ukrainian people.

Historical background and basic elements of the ideal of Chinese traditional management education

The article is devoted to determining the specifics of the ideal of traditional management education in China in the context of the modern strategy of ­China’s digital breakthrough. Using historical-philosophical, comparative and hermeneutic methods, the authors refer to the works of thinkers of Old China and modern researchers on the topic of education and public administration, and identify the components of the ideal traditional management education. It is stated that the ideal of management education is historical in nature, continuously developing and consists of a traditional core, which needs to be preserved and protected, and a “floating” part that is always adjusted in the conditions of changing reality. The Chinese society is characterised by the constant presence among the components of the national idea that lies in the dream to form a perfect managerial education based on historical practice which solved the state task of training managers of various levels. The historical prerequisites for the formation of such an ideal are described and the development of the modern system of education of civil servant is shown. Three main elements of the traditional education system are emphasised: concentration of knowledge under control of the national caste of managers; cognitive duality teacher-pupil as the basis of the learning process; stimulation of public education in contrast to home schooling. It is concluded that effective managerial education is impossible without a socio-cultural basis, a kind of educational ideal which fulfills the regulatory function.

Analysis of the facade and spatial quality of educational buildings of the first national architecture period: The case of Konya

In the last years of the 19th century, architects who were under the influence of the nationalist ideas that developed in the last years of the 19th century and were strengthened with the declaration of the constitutional monarchy, led to the emergence of the First National Architectural Period as a reaction. They also considered this period as an eclectic architectural style in which they reinterpreted the facade, plan and ornamental elements of Ottoman and Seljuk architecture with Western construction techniques. In this architectural process, many public buildings, hotels, bank buildings, ministry buildings, educational buildings and residences were built. Educational buildings are an important group among the new types of buildings constructed in Konya, which has maintained its political and cultural importance throughout history. In this study, the façade and spatial quality analyses of the Sanayi Mektebi, Male Teachers' High School (Dârü-l Muallimin), Girl Teachers' School (Dârü-l Muallimat) and Gazi Mustafa Kemal, Hakimiyet-i Milliye and İsmet Paşa Primary Schools, which are among the educational buildings built during the First National Architectural Period and which contributed to the identity of the city of Konya, were examined. The authenticity and conservation values of the selected educational buildings were determined and compared with each other. According to the results obtained from the façade and spatial analyses of these samples; authenticity values are determined depending on the rate of having the characteristics of the period and conservation criteria. The fact that no previous study has been carried out in this period and group of buildings using the method defined increases the originality value of the subject.

Historical and legal aspects of state formation in Ukraine (XVII–XIX centuries)

The article spectrally examines the problems of Ukrainian state-building in extremely difficult periods for Ukraine, namely the times of the destruction of the Hetmanship by the Russian tsars, the introduction of strict bans for the Ukrainian population regarding the use of the Ukrainian language and any manifestations of the Ukrainian national idea. The historical influence of the Treaty of Pereyaslav in 1654 on the further development of Ukraine is analyzed, as well as a historical and legal assessment of the agreements concluded by the Ukrainian hetmans with the tsarist authorities of Russia regarding the accession of Ukraine to the empire is presented from the standpoint of modernity. The historical significance of the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk of 1710 is highlighted, the provisions of this document regarding general approaches to building the Ukrainian state are analyzed. A historical and legal assessment of the activities of the Cossack elders’ collaborators, who by their actions contributed to the decline of national activity in the areas of strengthening Ukrainian statehood, is presented.
 Some aspects of the participation of the Ukrainian intelligentsia and youth organizations in measures to counter the inculcation of Russian traditions and orders in all spheres of life of the Ukrainian people have been studied. Approaches to understanding the essence and direction of processes related to the organization of disobedience to the total Russification of the Ukrainian population are summarized on the basis of the elaborated scientific work of Ukrainian scientists and politicians of various historical periods.
 The historical significance of Turkey’s influence on the formation of Ukrainian statehood is analyzed (it concerns the events of 1669 and 1711, when with the help of Turkey, Russia and Poland were forced to recognize the independence of the Ukrainian state).
 The author’s comment on the cited quotations of scientists is presented, judgments are expressed regarding the effectiveness of participation in the processes of liberating Ukraine from the expansionist actions of the Russian Tsar in a sufficiently long historical period.

A Study on Innovative Design Approaches for Implementing an Intelligent ICT-Based Smart Highway

This research, conducted over a three-year period starting from 2020, was a collaborative project between practitioners in the field of VE design and the Korea Expressway Corporation, aimed at innovating the design VE project to construct an intelligent ICT-based smart highway and enhancing highway driving performance and customer satisfaction.
 The research included R&D support for payment and management systems integrated with IOT technology, the application of the developed prototype at highway sites, and analysis of user performance evaluation. Based on the Innovation Work Roadmap of the Korea Expressway Corporation, the research process involved collaboration between a public participation group and an expert group, considering the technical feasibility of data-based ICT technology through the National Idea VE Contest.
 The final VE design results were implemented at the Seongnam tollgate site with budget support from relevant departments, followed by a satisfaction survey. It is expected that the continuous contributions to achieving an ESG society, such as the increase in the number of customers using the tolling zone equipped with smart upgrades, along with their satisfaction rate, and the reduction in carbon emissions and total settlement time of highway users, will be sustained.

Interior design concept of Ukrainian brands clothing store

The issue of retail establishments design and planning is considered based on the example of clothing store interior conceptual development. The relevance of finding new forms of expression of Ukrainian identity in design is justified, in particular, clothing stores of Ukrainian brands, which today are not only trade establishments, but also the popularizes of Ukrainian culture. Based on the results of the analysis of literary sources and design experience, trends regarding the formation of the interior space and content of modern clothing stores were revealed, including: versatility; combination of various functions; a new interpretation of mannequins; change of exposure according to the principle of the gallery. A separate direction of form creation is the combination of national iconic elements of culture and modern requirements for arranging space. The purpose of the research is to develop a concept of a modern, multifunctional retail space, a color and style model that combines modern European trends and a new look at Ukrainian culture and its origins. The main theses of the concept are modeled on the example of the design development of the interior of a clothing store of Ukrainian brands. It is proposed to organize the store space as an exhibition platform for local artists with a new interpretation of elements of Ukrainian culture. Means of expression of the defined task are: space zoning, color model, use of ornament, design of decorative and compositional element. The purpose of the conceptual composition of stylized mannequins is to allegorically and abstractly depict the national idea and peculiarities of the history of the Ukrainian nation with the help of images, shapes, poses, and colors. The color model is based on the connection between Ukrainian culture and the culture of Northern Europe, and the placement of the figures refers to the ancient Slavic understanding of the sides of the world and their symbolism. Stylized ornaments with unconventional presentation are offered as decor on architectural and structural elements. It was concluded that the interior of a Ukrainian clothing store should be formed as an exhibition and presentation platform for Ukrainian designers, combining a recognizable identity with modernity; to represent Ukraine in a new way for Ukrainians and foreigners. The means of expressing the formulated demands should influence the historical national consciousness through indirect associations and symbols, which are based on historical and cultural artifacts.

Georgian National Idea in the Tiflis Seminary of the Post-Reform Time: The Optics of the Russian Language and Literature

This article examines the case of seminarian David Kezeli who compiled the anti-Russian proclamation To the New Generation of Georgia, confiscated in December 1873. Although the St Petersburg and Caucasian authorities interpreted the case differently, they were united in their inattention to the situation of the Tiflis Theological Seminary. The internal problems of the theological educational institution, including the problem of the disloyalty of the “native” teachers, were to be solved by the officials of the Synod’s Educational Committee and the Exarch of Georgia. The author aims to show the ambivalence of the anti-Russian views of the Georgian seminarians and analyse the Kezeli case as part of the processes in religious education initiated by the 1867 reform. Special attention is paid to the discussion about the establishment of the Georgian language class, the idea of which either led to a consensus among the teachers or to a confrontation described in the Synod documents as a struggle between the Russian and Georgian “parties”. The origins and limitations of anti-Russian sentiments among seminarians are considered in relation to conflicts among teachers, the rules of access to educational and extracurricular literature, and the status of the Russian and Georgian languages. The author concludes that in the first years after the reform, young graduates of the theological academies were inspired by the opportunity to change the content of theological education by introducing the achievements of modern science into it. This goal united teachers of Russian and Georgian origin. They worked together both on projects for Georgian language classes and on compiling lists of advanced literature to be purchased for the student library. Georgian teachers, such as Jacob Gogebashvili, were prepared to become conduits of “human Russification”, arguing that only the Russian language allowed their students to access modern science. The transformation of interaction into conflict, which took on the form of a confrontation between the Russian and Georgian “parties” in the seminary, was explained on both sides by its participants’ personal ambitions. They were fighting for power and money, not for the promotion of the Georgian national idea or the defence of Russian interests in the region. David Kezeli was wholly a product of this situation. After completing his studies at the theological school and moving to the seminary, he felt hostility towards his teachers, seeing in them “Famusovs” who were trying to educate him as a “Molchalin”, while he was constructing himself as a “Bazarov”, the only “nihilist” in Georgia. The anachronism of Kezeli’s “nihilistic” identity emphasises his attachment to the generation of “fathers” who determined the literature available to him and provided him with a tool to master it, i. e. the Russian language.

Humanitarian learning environment of the regional university as an object of monitoring and management

Introduction. Modernization of modern higher education determines new requirements to the structure of university learning environment as a part of educational space and social environment of students and updates its humanitarian component. The strategy of training humane centered individual is documented in the fundamental documents of the world's leading universities and presupposes an adequate mechanism for assessing the quality of this environment and its key subjects. At the same time, in the context of the implementation of the concept of academic leadership, national ideas in the field of science and education, a special role in the organization of monitoring the quality of education is assigned to the regions in order to maximize the effective realization of their human, intellectual and cultural capital.Materials and Methods. In accordance with the goals and objectives of the article, the research methodology is represented by a group of theoretical (analysis and generalization of scientific literature, synthesis of the obtained information) and empirical methods (survey, questionnaire, observation). The methodological basis was shaped by research in the field of humanization of universities learning environment, quality of higher education and monitoring of higher education. The author also proceeds from the understanding of the development of the regional system of higher educational as a highly organized multilateral interactions of various participants, the main among which include governing bodies, civil society institutions, employers, students, administration of educational institutions, teaching and academic staff.Results. Performance assessment and performance monitoring of universities represent one of the main open information sources for full-scale studies of the educational process and analysis of the current state of the learning environment of universities of different levels and focus. The paper discusses approaches of Russian and foreign researchers to genesis and structure of learning environment and humanitarian learning environment, describes the content of such key terms as «monitoring», «monitoring in education», «management in education». The main monitoring indicators proposed are the students' satisfaction with the main parameters of the educational process (learning activities, extracurricular activities, research activities), assessment of the spatial-semantic component of the university, employers' satisfaction with the quality of graduates' training.Discussion and Conclusions. Management of the quality of education in a modern university is directly related to the systematic monitoring of the quality of its learning environment. The author comes to the conclusion that the diversity of targets of monitoring the quality of higher education determines the plurality of approaches to the procedure of its implementation. The accumulation of monitoring data makes it possible to formulate a scientifically grounded judgment about the quality of the university learning environment as a whole and identify promising directions for further development. The obtained data confirmed the need to expand the fundamental humanitarian component of higher education as the basis for a holistic and systemic perception of the world, which, in turn, implies the modernization of the principles of selection and systematization of knowledge, the search for new forms of their synthesis, as well as the active interaction of science, art, natural sciences and humanities.

PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF NATIONAL AND CULTURAL IDENTITY OF A PERSONALITY

The article considers national and cultural identity as a multi-level sociocultural formation, namely: a macro phenomenon that reflects the mentality and culture of the Ukrainian people in general and creates a national framework; a mesophenomenon that absorbs the peculiarities of the mentality of a certain region of Ukraine (regional identity) and a microphenomenon that is related to the national self-concept of an individual and involves identification with the nation, a sense of belonging to the Ukrainian people. It has been proven that national-cultural identity is a socio-personal construct that synthesizes socio-cultural and personal, that is, it reflects both the national and cultural experience of a certain people, which are factors of national unity, and also involves the identification of oneself with a certain nation, the perception of oneself and others as bearers of national qualities, a formed national self-concept of the individual. The structure of the national-cultural identity, which contains an axiological component based on the national idea, is characterized; cognitive component reflected in national intelligence; an emotional-sensual component based on feelings-values – “I-Ukrainian” – “We-Ukrainians”; a praxeological component related to the subjective activity of an individual in the practical implementation of the ideas of national and cultural identity.The interdisciplinary nature of national-cultural identity, in particular, its integration with basic psychological phenomena, has been established. The following groups of psychological determinants are singled out: 1) motivational and axiological, based on the motivational and value-meaning spheres of the individual; 2) praxeological, based on the subject sphere of the individual; 3) analytical, based on the reflective sphere of the individual.

The Ruscist Regime Dooms Russia to Serious Shocks

The article analyzes the development of the Russian Federation during the 33 years after independence. It was noted that during the first years, decisive measures were taken to dismantle the communist regime, all its key institutions, and introduce in its place a democratic and legal system, a market economy on a multi-system basis, the modernization of its leading industries, the development of the socio-economic sphere and the provision of the primary needs of citizens, solving international problems in the country itself.
 In foreign policy, the leadership of the Russian Federation sought to form equal, democratic and mutually beneficial relations, especially with such world centers as the EU and the Atlantic countries. The same principles were initiated in relation to other world regions and states, in particular, in relation to the post-Soviet countries that continued to cooperate within the framework of the CIS.
 Since the beginning of the 21st century, the departure of the Russian Federation from the democratic values developed by Western civilization began, since a number of provisions regarding the transformation of socio-political, socio-economic and national development, which were recommended for borrowing, ran counter to the interests of Russia and contradicted the national idea. In the activities of the new elite of the Russian Federation, their own geopolitical and geoeconomic interests, which were aimed at reviving the positions of the great powers in the world, ensuring the security and integrity of the multinational state, were increasingly strengthened.
 At the final stage of transformational transformations in the Russian Federation, the final establishment of a totalitarian model of the state system took place, the main features of which were: in domestic politics – over-centralism, dictatorship, militarism, revival and development of the Military Industry; on the international arena – revanchist and aggressive policy; it is increasingly obvious that the principles of peaceful coexistence, equal cooperation, and the strengthening of the dominance of its geopolitical interests are being ignored.
 It is emphasized that the establishment of a dictatorial model of the state system in post-Soviet Russia took place primarily because the tsarist-imperial centralist and great-state traditions most corresponded to the implementation of its tasks in domestic and foreign policy.
 It is proved that the dominance of internal rather than external factors was the reason for the inability of the Russian Federation to form a progressive political-legal, democratic and economic model of the development of the state and society, to build international relations, in particular with neighboring states, on a legal, competitive and mutually beneficial basis.
 It was noted that the growing aggressive policy of the Russian Federation towards Ukraine and other countries did not receive timely and appropriate countermeasures from world states and international organizations. Only the heroic resistance of the Ukrainian nation to the invaders forced the collective West to provide active assistance to Ukraine and to introduce effective sanctions against the Russian Federation.
 It is emphasized that the war of aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, the annexation of part of its territories, the barbaric destruction of the civilian population and industrial infrastructure are aimed at the liquidation of the Ukrainian state and the Ukrainian nation, the colonization of its territory. The ideology of ruscism must be condemned and banned at the international level and its bearers and those involved in the commission of crimes must be punished.

A NEW PHASE OF POLITICAL REPRESSION (IN THE CASE OF SAMARKAND REGION)

In this article, the persecution of scientific and artistic intellectuals by the Soviet state in Uzbekistanis a true reflection of the arbitrariness and violence of the authoritarian regime that ruled at that time. The ruling regime directed its first blow at a group of writers and poets of the republic, because their worldview and creativity did not correspond to the model of communist ideology. The main excuse for defamation was that they allegedly "introduced" nationalist ideas into their works. Communist ideology consciously mixed the awareness of national identity with "nationalism", acting shamelessly andwithout proof, using all the forms and methods of fighting against them, which existed in the "red empire", and sought to repress and destroy the intellectuals of Uzbekistan. The evidence collected during the research is carefully examined and evaluated from a scientific point of view.

Kalevala and Finland's Atlantean Past

Nationalistic interpretations of history were prevalent in Finland until the Second World War. A unifying past for Finns was sought in antiquity, often influenced by interpretations of the Kalevala, regarded as the Finnish national epic. The Kalevala also inspired writers in the Theosophical Society, who promoted various alternative views of humanity’s past. In this article, I analyse the late 1930s writings of Wilho “Willie” Angervo (1875–1938), a medical colonel and author who had a central role in the Finnish Order of the Star in the East and the Theosophical Society in his time. Inspired by the Kalevala, Angervo traced the origins of the Finns to the lost continent of Atlantis and aimed to revitalize the pre-Christian “faith of the forefathers”. Dialogical narrative analysis is employed to explore how Angervo portrayed the Finns’ past, combining Theosophical and nationalistic ideas to construct an ideal Finnishness. I argue that Angervo utilized the Theosophical timeline and concepts to construct a spiritually oriented national narrative for the Finns that would surpass any polit-ical quarrels and challenge both the Church and more military-oriented nationalism.

Educational and Patriotic Component of the National Interests of the State

The all time moral value measurement of the national security of the state is the mobilization spirit of the people, the willingness to live and act for the benefit of their native country. This can be achieved through effective patriotic education of young people. In scientific and methodological sources, the process of understanding the concept and phenomenon of “patriotism” almost never ends. The ideas and conclusions of researchers from different historical periods and scientific areas are extremely different, as well as the assessment of the practical significance of patriotism for the functioning of the political system. The conduct of the Special Military Operation in Ukraine and other current political events have spured Russians’ interest in patriotic discourse. One can keep complaining about the lack of terminological unity or the lack of modern empirical studies of patriotism, advocate for funding public organizations that promote patriotic ideas in society, but, from the author’s point of view, without real, legally fixed social guarantees for people who have given themselves to the service of the Motherland, all the beautiful-hearted panegyrics will remain nothing more than good wishes and an abstract thought. Patriotic actions, lessons of courage, poems and songs dedicated to the Motherland and its defenders will have an educational effect when people who have dedicated themselves to serving the Motherland, regardless of the current political situation and ideological framework, will remain a significant and respected part of society.

Sri Aurobindo on Nationalism- A Perspective

The long mendicant era of the Indian National Congress (1885-1905) created a need for a leader in Indian nationalist politics who could rally the populace to struggle for political independence from the British. Sri Aurobindo fulfilled that space and employed his ideas of nationalism that has been the subject of scholarly debate for a long period. His inclusive national strategies to stir the entire nation played a key role. But his conception of nationalism goes beyond the struggle for freedom. He was on a mission to create a new country based on India's rich spiritual and cultural heritage and modern European sciences. As far as India’s diversity is concerned, the task seemed greater than anything else. His writings especially in his journal Bande Mataram created waves among the masses. He appealed to the then-fragmented population to ascribe to the identity of one nation. His nationalism aimed at the Indian Renaissance through both political freedom and spiritual regeneration. This study will highlight most of the salient features of his nationalism.

Творчество Владимира Чёрного – от образов М. И. Глинки к современности

The aim of the research is to identify the genesis and artistic-semantic specifics of the creative work of the modern artist V. A. Cherny. The paper examines the main themes, figurative interpretations, and ideological dominants of his paintings, which testify to the development – the continuity of traditions and innovation – of Russian academic art. The paper is novel in that it is the first to analyze the little-studied creative work of V. A. Cherny from a scientific perspective, while a number of his paintings and archival materials are introduced into scientific use. As a result of the research, a wide range of themes, plots, genres, technical and technological characteristics and figurative interpretations in the artist’s creative work have been revealed. As early as in the years of study, the artist acquired a high level of skill, the ability to synthesize traditions and vary the individual style of painting, which currently allows him to work at a high professional level, proves the relevance of academic skill and realistic art. The study of the creative work and activities of V. A. Cherny testifies to the evolutionary development of both realism and art education in Russia. The versatility of his art, the complex nature of the artistic language prove the conceptual specificity of Russian academicism in the early 21st century, which is dominated by the preservation of timeless spiritual meanings of national culture inseparable from the ideas of patriotism and Orthodox teaching and the synthesized nature of the professional language.

Promoting the Patriotic Agenda on Social Media among Russian Students

The study aims to compare patriotic attitudes among the social group of student youth, as reflected in public opinion dynamics and social media information flows. The research methodology was based on cognitive and network approaches to examining social processes. The methods of open sociological and statistical data analysis, cognitive content mapping and automated social media analysis were used to determine the content and intensity of the impact of opposing patriotic and anti-patriotic information flows in the Russian segment of social media on the social values and attitudes of student youth. The results of the study revealed a high intensity of information pressure of anti-patriotic information flow in the digital communications environment on the audience of student youth. The sociological data indicates a strong prevalence of patriotic attitudes among the youth, however, analysis of information flows reveals the widespread presence of anti-patriotic narratives and discourses on social networks. The student communities of supporters of the patriotic idea differ from the opponents in that they are much more numerous, but much less active in producing and promoting semantic content in the social media space. The social media segment in Russia lacks a well-developed network infrastructure, including opinion leaders and effective platforms for broadcasting patriotic content. The empirical study of information flows has shown that universities are not on the list of platforms for promoting the patriotic agenda. Russian universities face a significant challenge in implementing patriotic education for the youth due to their technological and ideological detachment from students who are immersed in the digital communication environment. These circumstances reveal institutional issues with implementing the state policy of youth development in the face of existential challenges.

An exploration of his thinking: Dolores Joseph Montout and the Costa Rican Caribbean, 1930-1938

This article is an exploration about the thinking of a writer, thinker and Afro-Costa Rican activist Dolores Joseph Montout, especially his relation ship with the Caribbean zone. The reconstruction of his ideas is based on his journalistic work in the Thirties, in The Searchlight and The Atlantic Voice, which he assiduously wrote about his mainly concerns about the Afro-Costa Rican people. It is recovered three basic aspects of his work: a) his nationalistic inquisitiveness and his struggle for the integration and citizenship of the afro-descendant, b) his relation and controversy with the ideas of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and the attacks as a consequence of his position and c) the importance that he gives to education and the intellectual background of the young people for the development of their culture, for example, through the Alpha Literary Club. As conclusions, it is evinced the contradictory and complex of his thinking and the diversity and differences among the Afro-Costa Rican people between 1930 – 1938, their nationalistic and patriotic ideas, just as the importance to continue with this kind of studies, both from the author and from other thinkers that have been made invisiblein the history of the Costa Rican Caribbean.

Patriotic Education of Students through Physical Education and Sports

In modern conditions, patriotic education takes on special importance. Patriotism, the culture of interethnic relations are one of the important tasks of the social, spiritual, moral and physical development of the human personality. Patriotism is one of the most important components of the national idea of the Uzbek state.

Heritage as boundary object: the troubling potential of the Secretariat in Yangon, Myanmar

ABSTRACT In Yangon, Myanmar, urban heritage has been deployed to mean material objects capable of both recalling history and producing a better future. This article examines the ‘heritagisation’ of the Secretariat during the so-called ‘transition’, even as ‘transition’ and ‘heritagisation’ were intertwined ideas and discursive tactics that capitalised on the temporary retreat of military autocracy. We use the term ‘heritagisation’ to indicate a process wherein something comes to be quite commonsensically considered as ‘heritage’ and in which actors and stakeholders disavow being the driving force behind this process. Heritagisation, for us, differs from heritage-making in that the former excludes accountability. It is predicated on the eventual heritage status of a place, object or practice appearing as obvious, naturally emergent, and seemingly indisputable rather than constructed by invested actors. This process of claiming significance effectively turned heritage into a ‘boundary object’ that enabled Myanmar’s cultural elites and international stakeholders to not only reframe colonial architecture as ‘heritage’ but also imagine an alternative future wherein the actions of coercive governments – both British colonial and Myanmar military – could be reconciled with the idea of a new democratic nation, made visible by a revitalised colonial cityscape.